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-====== UNIX basic commands ​======+ 
 +====== UNIX/Linux references for VLSI lab users and system administrators ​======
  
 [ __[[vlsi:​home|Home]]__ ] [ __[[vlsi:​home|Home]]__ ]
-[ __[[vlsi:workbook|Design WorkBook]]__ ] +[ __[[vlsi:private:​computing:​cluster|VLSI computing cluster references (private)]]__ ] 
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing#contents|Back to index]]__ ]+[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:unix:vidyo|Vidyo tutorial]]__ ] 
  
 {{ :​vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix:​tux.png?​150}} {{ :​vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix:​tux.png?​150}}
 +\\
 +\\
  
 == Contents == == Contents ==
  
-   ​* ​Introduction  +   * **[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix:​basics|Basic commands]]**
-   * bash and tcsh shells +
-   * Working with directories +
-   * Environment variables +
-   * View/Kill processes +
-   * File permissions +
-   * Editing text files +
-   * Basic CVS commands +
-   * Other Web tutorials+
  
-//​[[http://​www.bo.infn.it/​alice/​alice-doc/​mll-doc/​linux/​admin/​]]//​ +   * **[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix:​sysadmin|System ​administration references]]**
- +
-//​[[http://​oldsite.to.infn.it/​groups/​group4/​mirror/​linux/​AppuntiLinux/​AL-indgen.html]]//​ +
- +
-===== Introduction ===== +
- +
-Spending a few hours to learn UNIX will greatly benefit you in the long term and save your time. +
- +
- +
-Ce ne sono un sacco in giro per il Web, ma qui raccolgo SOLO il minimo indispensabile per lavorare, +
-niente di superfluo! +
- +
-only the bare minimum! +
- +
-Familiarity with Linux is necessary +
- +
-If you are not familiar with using Unix/GNU Linux this page is intended to provide a description of  +
-basic linux commands and references to more information. +
- +
-When working in Linux, you will activate a **terminal** and inside the terminal **shell** will be running, i.e. a program interpreting your **commands**. Commands are typed inside this shell, and you press ENTER to issue them. For most commands, additional arguments can be issued by using minus signs (where \ signs are used in Windows), e.g. command -a - b -c or command -abc. To find out what options are available for a given command, and what those options do, type command --help, which works in most cases, or try to have a more detailed information with the man command.  +
- +
- +
-An exhaustive list of many other UNIX tutorials which can be found on the Web  +
-has been collected [[vlsi:​unix_basics#​other_web_tutorials|here]]. +
- +
-===== Bash and tcsh shells ===== +
- +
-A little bit of [[http://​www.ibm.com/​developerworks/​library/​l-linux-shells/​|history]]... +
- +
-=== Find what kind of shell is running === +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-echo $SHELL +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-You may see: +
- +
-  * [[http://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​Bourne_shell|Bourne shell]] → /bin/sh  +
-  * [[http://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​Korn_shell|Korn shell]] → /bin/ksh93  +
-  * [[http://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​Bash_shell|Bash shell]] → /bin/bash  +
-  * [[http://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​Z_shell|Z shell]] → /bin/zsh +
-  * [[http://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​C_shell|C shell]] → /bin/csh +
-  * [[http://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​TC_shell|TC shell]] → /bin/tcsh +
- +
-=== An A-Z Index of the Bash command line for Linux === +
- +
- +
-[Commands list via [[http://​www.ss64.com/​bash/​|ss64.com]]]\\ +
- +
-Commands marked • are bash built-ins. \\ +
-Many commands particularly the Core Utils are also available under alternate shells (C shell, Korn shell etc). \\ +
- +
- +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#a|a]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:workbook:​computing:​unix#​b|b]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​c|c]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​d|d]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​e|e]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​f|f]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​g|g]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​h|h]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​i|i]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​j|j]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​k|k]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​l|l]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​m|m]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​n|n]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​o|o]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​p|p]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​q|q]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​r|r]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​s|s]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​t|t]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​u|u]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​v|v]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​w|w]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​x|x]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​y|y]]__ ] +
-[ __[[vlsi:​workbook:​computing:​unix#​z|z]]__ ] +
- +
- +
-== a == +
- +
-  alias    Create an alias • +
-  apropos ​ Search Help manual pages (man -k) +
-  apt-get ​ Search for and install software packages (Debian/​Ubuntu) +
-  aptitude Search for and install software packages (Debian/​Ubuntu) +
-  aspell ​  Spell Checker +
-  awk      Find and Replace text, database sort/​validate/​index +
- +
-== b == +
- +
-  basename Strip directory and suffix from filenames +
-  bash     GNU Bourne-Again SHell  +
-  bc       ​Arbitrary precision calculator language  +
-  bg       Send to background +
-  break    Exit from a loop • +
-  builtin ​ Run a shell builtin +
-  bzip2    Compress or decompress named file(s) +
- +
-== c == +
- +
-  cal      Display a calendar +
-  case     ​Conditionally perform a command +
-  cat      Concatenate and print (display) the content of files +
-  cd       ​Change Directory +
-  cfdisk ​  ​Partition table manipulator for Linux +
-  chgrp    Change group ownership +
-  chmod    Change access permissions +
-  chown    Change file owner and group +
-  chroot ​  Run a command with a different root directory +
-  chkconfig ​System ​services (runlevel) +
-  cksum    Print CRC checksum and byte counts +
-  clear    Clear terminal screen +
-  cmp      Compare two files +
-  comm     ​Compare two sorted files line by line +
-  command ​ Run a command - ignoring shell functions • +
-  continue Resume the next iteration of a loop • +
-  cp       Copy one or more files to another location +
-  cron     ​Daemon to execute scheduled commands +
-  crontab ​ Schedule a command to run at a later time +
-  csplit ​  Split a file into context-determined pieces +
-  cut      Divide a file into several parts +
- +
-== d == +
- +
-  date     ​Display or change the date & time +
-  dc       Desk Calculator +
-  dd       ​Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records +
-  ddrescue Data recovery tool +
-  declare ​ Declare variables and give them attributes • +
-  df       ​Display free disk space +
-  diff     ​Display the differences between two files +
-  diff3    Show differences among three files +
-  dig      DNS lookup +
-  dir      Briefly list directory contents +
-  dircolors Colour setup for `ls' +
-  dirname ​ Convert a full pathname to just a path +
-  dirs     ​Display list of remembered directories +
-  dmesg    Print kernel & driver messages  +
-  du       ​Estimate file space usage +
- +
-== e == +
- +
-  echo     ​Display message on screen • +
-  egrep    Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression +
-  eject    Eject removable media +
-  enable ​  ​Enable and disable builtin shell commands • +
-  env      Environment variables +
-  ethtool ​ Ethernet card settings +
-  eval     ​Evaluate several commands/​arguments +
-  exec     ​Execute a command +
-  exit     Exit the shell +
-  expect ​  ​Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal +
-  expand ​  ​Convert tabs to spaces +
-  export ​  Set an environment variable +
-  expr     ​Evaluate expressions +
- +
-== f == +
- +
-  false    Do nothing, unsuccessfully +
-  fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk +
-  fdisk    Partition table manipulator for Linux +
-  fg       Send job to foreground  +
-  fgrep    Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string +
-  file     ​Determine file type +
-  find     ​Search for files that meet a desired criteria +
-  fmt      Reformat paragraph text +
-  fold     Wrap text to fit a specified width. +
-  for      Expand words, and execute commands +
-  format ​  ​Format disks or tapes +
-  free     ​Display memory usage +
-  fsck     File system consistency check and repair +
-  ftp      File Transfer Protocol +
-  function Define Function Macros +
-  fuser    Identify/​kill the process that is accessing a file +
- +
-== g == +
- +
-  gawk     Find and Replace text within file(s) +
-  getopts ​ Parse positional parameters +
-  grep     ​Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern +
-  groupadd Add a user security group +
-  groupdel Delete a group +
-  groupmod Modify a group +
-  groups ​  Print group names a user is in +
-  gzip     ​Compress or decompress named file(s) +
- +
-== h == +
- +
-  hash     ​Remember the full pathname of a name argument +
-  head     ​Output the first part of file(s) +
-  help     ​Display help for a built-in command • +
-  history ​ Command History +
-  hostname Print or set system name +
- +
-== i == +
- +
-  iconv    Convert the character set of a file +
-  id       Print user and group id's +
-  if       ​Conditionally perform a command +
-  ifconfig Configure a network interface +
-  ifdown ​  Stop a network interface  +
-  ifup     Start a network interface up +
-  import ​  ​Capture an X server screen and save the image to file +
-  install ​ Copy files and set attributes +
- +
-== j == +
- +
-  jobs     List active jobs • +
-  join     Join lines on a common field +
- +
-== k == +
- +
-  kill     Stop a process from running +
-  killall ​ Kill processes by name +
- +
-== l == +
- +
-  less     ​Display output one screen at a time +
-  let      Perform arithmetic on shell variables • +
-  link     ​Create a link to a file  +
-  ln       ​Create a symbolic link to a file +
-  local    Create variables • +
-  locate ​  Find files +
-  logname ​ Print current login name +
-  logout ​  Exit a login shell • +
-  look     ​Display lines beginning with a given string +
-  lpc      Line printer control program +
-  lpr      Off line print +
-  lprint ​  Print a file +
-  lprintd ​ Abort a print job +
-  lprintq ​ List the print queue +
-  lprm     ​Remove jobs from the print queue +
-  ls       List information about file(s) +
-  lsof     List open files +
- +
-== m == +
- +
-  make     ​Recompile a group of programs +
-  man      Help manual +
-  mkdir    Create new folder(s) +
-  mkfifo ​  Make FIFOs (named pipes) +
-  mkisofs ​ Create an hybrid ISO9660/​JOLIET/​HFS filesystem +
-  mknod    Make block or character special files +
-  more     ​Display output one screen at a time +
-  mount    Mount a file system +
-  mtools ​  ​Manipulate MS-DOS files +
-  mtr      Network diagnostics (traceroute/​ping) +
-  mv       Move or rename files or directories +
-  mmv      Mass Move and rename (files) +
- +
-== n == +
- +
-  netstat ​ Networking information +
-  nice     Set the priority of a command or job +
-  nl       ​Number lines and write files +
-  nohup    Run a command immune to hangups +
-  notify-send ​ Send desktop notifications +
-  nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively +
- +
-== o == +
- +
-  open     Open a file in its default application +
-  op       ​Operator access  +
- +
-== p == +
- +
-  passwd ​  ​Modify a user password +
-  paste    Merge lines of files +
-  pathchk ​ Check file name portability +
-  ping     Test a network connection +
-  pkill    Stop processes from running +
-  popd     ​Restore the previous value of the current directory +
-  pr       ​Prepare files for printing +
-  printcap Printer capability database +
-  printenv Print environment variables +
-  printf ​  ​Format and print data • +
-  ps       ​Process status +
-  pushd    Save and then change the current directory +
-  pwd      Print Working Directory +
- +
-== q == +
- +
-  quota    Display disk usage and limits +
-  quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage +
-  quotactl Set disk quotas +
- +
-== r == +
- +
-  ram      ram disk device +
-  rcp      Copy files between two machines +
-  read     Read a line from standard input • +
-  readarray Read from stdin into an array variable • +
-  readonly Mark variables/​functions as readonly +
-  reboot ​  ​Reboot the system +
-  rename ​  ​Rename files +
-  renice ​  Alter priority of running processes  +
-  remsync ​ Synchronize remote files via email +
-  return ​  Exit a shell function +
-  rev      Reverse lines of a file +
-  rm       ​Remove files +
-  rmdir    Remove folder(s) +
-  rsync    Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees) +
- +
-== s == +
- +
- +
-  screen ​  ​Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh +
-  scp      Secure copy (remote file copy) +
-  sdiff    Merge two files interactively +
-  sed      Stream Editor +
-  select ​  ​Accept keyboard input +
-  seq      Print numeric sequences +
-  set      Manipulate shell variables and functions +
-  sftp     ​Secure File Transfer Program +
-  shift    Shift positional parameters +
-  shopt    Shell Options +
-  shutdown Shutdown or restart linux +
-  sleep    Delay for a specified time +
-  slocate ​ Find files +
-  sort     Sort text files +
-  source ​  Run commands from a file '​.'​ +
-  split    Split a file into fixed-size pieces +
-  ssh      Secure Shell client (remote login program) +
-  strace ​  Trace system calls and signals +
-  su       ​Substitute user identity +
-  sudo     ​Execute a command as another user +
-  sum      Print a checksum for a file +
-  suspend ​ Suspend execution of this shell • +
-  sync     ​Synchronize data on disk with memory +
- +
-== t == +
- +
-  tail     ​Output the last part of file +
-  tar      Tape ARchiver +
-  tee      Redirect output to multiple files +
-  test     ​Evaluate a conditional expression +
-  time     ​Measure Program running time +
-  timeout ​ Run a command with a time limit +
-  times    User and system times +
-  touch    Change file timestamps +
-  top      List processes running on the system +
-  traceroute Trace Route to Host +
-  trap     Run a command when a signal is set(bourne) +
-  tr       ​Translate,​ squeeze, and/or delete characters +
-  true     Do nothing, successfully +
-  tsort    Topological sort +
-  tty      Print filename of terminal on stdin +
-  type     ​Describe a command • +
- +
-== u == +
- +
-  ulimit ​  Limit user resources • +
-  umask    Users file creation mask +
-  umount ​  ​Unmount a device +
-  unalias ​ Remove an alias • +
-  uname    Print system information +
-  unexpand Convert spaces to tabs +
-  uniq     ​Uniquify files +
-  units    Convert units from one scale to another +
-  unset    Remove variable or function names +
-  unshar ​  ​Unpack shell archive scripts +
-  until    Execute commands (until error) +
-  uptime ​  Show uptime +
-  useradd ​ Create new user account +
-  userdel ​ Delete a user account +
-  usermod ​ Modify user account +
-  users    List users currently logged in +
-  uuencode Encode a binary file  +
-  uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode +
- +
-== v == +
- +
-  v        Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b') +
-  vdir     ​Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b') +
-  vi       Text Editor +
-  vmstat ​  ​Report virtual memory statistics +
- +
-== w == +
- +
-  wait     Wait for a process to complete • +
-  watch    Execute/​display a program periodically +
-  wc       Print byte, word, and line counts +
-  whereis ​ Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program +
-  which    Search the user's $path for a program file +
-  while    Execute commands +
-  who      Print all usernames currently logged in +
-  whoami ​  Print the current user id and name (`id -un'​) +
-  wget     ​Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP +
-  write    Send a message to another user  +
- +
-== x == +
- +
-  xargs    Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s) +
-  xdg-open Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application. +
-  yes      Print a string until interrupted +
-  .        Run a command script in the current shell +
-  !!       Run the last command again +
-  ###      Comment / Remark +
- +
-== z == +
-  w        Provides a quick summary of every user +
-  who      Get the information on currently logged in users +
-  who -b   Get the time of last system boot +
-  who -l   Get information on system login processes +
-  who -m   Get the hostname and user associated with stdin +
-  who -r   Get the current run level +
-  who -u   Get the list of user logged in +
-  who -q   Get number of users logged-in and their user names +
-  who -a   Get all the information +
- +
- +
-===== Working with directories ===== +
- +
- +
-^        **Command** ​                              ​^ ​         **Description** ​      ^ +
-|''<​sub>​man <​command> ​                     </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​pwd ​                               </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​cd <​dirName> ​                      </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​cd /​path/​to/​directory ​             </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​cd ​                                </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​cd ..                              </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​cd .                               </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​cd -                               </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​mkdir <​dirName> ​                   </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​ls ​                                </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​ls -l                              </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​ls -althr ​                         </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​ls <​dirName> ​                      </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​ls /​path/​to/​dirName ​               </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​mv <​oldName>​ <​newName> ​            </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​mv <​fileName>​ /​path/​to/​newName ​    </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​cp bla bla bla                     </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​rm <​fileName> ​                     </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​acroread fileName.pdf ​             </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
-|''<​sub>​evince fileName.pdf ​               </​sub>''​| ​                               | +
- +
- +
- +
-Set alias in ''​~/​.cshrc''​ file +
- +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-alias ll 'ls -ahl'​ +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-or in a ''​~/​.bashrc''​ +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-alias ll='ls ahl' +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-===== Viewing pdf files ===== +
- +
-====== Environment variables ====== +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-export VarName=value ​    # sh and sh-like shells (e.g. bash) +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-setenv varName value     # csh and csh-like shells (e.g. tcsh) +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-set varName=value +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-NOTA! variabili settate con set sono viste solo dalla shell, con setenv/​export anche dai programmi! +
- +
-====== Change your password ====== +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-yppasswd [user] +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-====== Viewing/​Killing processes ====== +
- +
-====== File permissions ====== +
- +
-See [[http://​www.ss64.com/​bash/​chmod.html]] \\ +
- +
-For bash permissions:​ [[http://​www.ss64.com/​bash/​syntax-permissions.html]] +
- +
-====== Find files ===== +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-which <​command>​ +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-e.g. +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-which cdsterm +
-/​usr/​local/​bin/​cdsterm +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-find /​path/​to/​start/​directory -name fileName +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-find  +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-''​grep''​ looks for text within files; in the following example: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-grep "​chewbecca" ​*.txt +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-the word "​chewbecca"​ is searched in all the files with a .txt extension. +
- +
-''​whereis''​ is used for finding the location of executables (binaries), source code, and manuals for a specific program: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-whereis firefox +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-''​locate''​ is very similar to ''​find''​ with the difference that it doesn'​t manually search the file system, but rather a database list of files that is maintained by the system: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-locate -i file_name +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-(the ''​-i''​ option is used for case-insensitive searches). +
- +
-====== ​ Find differences between two files/two directories ===== +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-diff [options] file_1 file_2  +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-//diff// also allows to compare the contents of two directories by using the usual ''​-r''​ option (//**r**ecursive//​):​ +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-diff -r dir_1 dir_2  +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-See also: \\ +
-[[http://​linux.about.com/​library/​cmd/​blcmdl1_diff.htm]] +
- +
-====== Text editors ====== +
- +
-nano, vi, gedit, nedit +
- +
-emacs,  +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-emacs -nw <​fileName>​ +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-===== Working with compressed files ===== +
- +
- +
-Create a zipped file: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-zip fileName.zip fileName +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-Extract a zipped file: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-unzip fileName.zip +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
- +
-Create a gzipped file: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-gzip fileName +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-Extract a gzipped file: +
-<​code>​ +
-gunzip fileName.gz ​    [gzip -d fileName.gz] +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-Create a .tar.gz archive: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-tar -czvf fileName.tar.gz /​path/​to/​directory +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-Extract a .tar.gz archive: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-tar -xzvf fileName.tar.gz +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-Create a .tar.bz2 archive: +
-<​code>​ +
-tar -cjvf fileName.tar.bz2 /​path/​to/​directory +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-Extract a .tar.bz2 archive: +
-<​code>​ +
-tar -xjvf fileName.tar.bz2 +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
- +
-Extract a .rar file: +
-<​code>​ +
-unrar fileName.rar +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-See also +
- +
-[[http://​www.littleigloo.org/​linux/​how-to/​uncompress-linux-files.html]] +
- +
-===== File Browser ===== +
- +
-usare ''​nautilus''​ +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-nautilus --browser +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
- +
-===== Viewing images from the command line ===== +
- +
-If you need to view any image but you can only use the terminal,  +
-use the //Eye of GNOME// image viewer, which is the official image viewer  +
-for the GNOME Desktop environment and available on all Scientific Linux dictributions. +
- +
-Use the ''​eog''​ command,  +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-which eog  +
-/​usr/​bin/​eog +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-To open an image,  +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-cd /​path/​to/​image +
-eog fileName.png +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-See also \\ +
-[[http://​projects.gnome.org/​eog/​]] +
- +
- +
-====== Basic CVS commands ====== +
- +
-Official documentation:​  +
- +
-//​[[http://​ximbiot.com/​cvs/​manual]]//​ +
- +
-Basic syntax of a cvs command: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-cvs [cvs options] command [command options] <​filename>​ +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-setenv CVSROOT /​path/​to/​project/​cvs/​top/​directory +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-e.g. +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-setenv CVSROOT /​export/​elt156xl/​disk0/​.cvsroot/​kits/​tsmc  +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-check-out a project or part of a project: +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-cvs checkout project +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-or +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-cvs co project/​subdir +
-</​code>​+
  
 \\ \\
-In order to use disk space efficiently,​ it is recommend that you check out **only the directories you need**  +\\
-at the time.  +
- +
- +
-__**Adding and removing files to CVS repository**__ +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-cvs add <​filename>​ +
-</​code>​ +
- +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-cvs remove <​filename>​ +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-''​add''​ and ''​remove''​ commands just **schedule** the operation! The file will be actually added/​removed  +
-to the repository with a ''​commit''​ statement,  +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-cvs commit -m "Text message"​ +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-cvs commit -m "Text message"​ <​filename>​ +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-<​code>​ +
-cvs log <​filename>​ +
-</​code>​ +
- +
-===== Other Web tutorials ===== +
- +
-   * //​[[https://​twiki.cern.ch/​twiki/​bin/​view/​CMSPublic/​WorkBookBasicLinux]]//​ (<​nowiki>​CMS</​nowiki>​ collaboration UNIX tutorial) +
-   * //​[[http://​www.slac.stanford.edu/​BFROOT/​www/​doc/​workbook/​unix/​unix.html]]//​ (BaBar collaboration UNIX tutorial) +
-   * //​[[http://​www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/​Teaching/​Unix/​]]//​ +
-   * //​[[http://​www2.ocean.washington.edu/​unix.tutorial.html]]//​ +
- +
- +
  
  
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-Last update: [[ panati@NOSPAMto.infn.it | Serena Panati ​]] - Nov 10, 2013 +Last update: [[pacher@NOSPAMto.infn.it|Luca Pacher]] - Nov 29, 2013 
- +~~NOTOC~~ ​
-~~NOTOC~~+