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- | ====== UNIX basic commands ====== | + | |
+ | ====== UNIX/Linux references for VLSI lab users and system administrators ====== | ||
[ __[[vlsi:home|Home]]__ ] | [ __[[vlsi:home|Home]]__ ] | ||
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook|Design WorkBook]]__ ] | + | [ __[[vlsi:private:computing:cluster|VLSI computing cluster references (private)]]__ ] |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing#contents|Back to index]]__ ] | + | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix:vidyo|Vidyo tutorial]]__ ] |
{{ :vlsi:workbook:computing:unix:tux.png?150}} | {{ :vlsi:workbook:computing:unix:tux.png?150}} | ||
+ | \\ | ||
+ | \\ | ||
== Contents == | == Contents == | ||
- | * Introduction | + | * **[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix:basics|Basic commands]]** |
- | * bash and tcsh shells | + | |
- | * Working with directories | + | |
- | * Environment variables | + | |
- | * View/Kill processes | + | |
- | * File permissions | + | |
- | * Editing text files | + | |
- | * Other Web tutorials | + | |
- | //[[http://www.bo.infn.it/alice/alice-doc/mll-doc/linux/admin/]]// | + | * **[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix:sysadmin|System administration references]]** |
- | + | ||
- | //[[http://oldsite.to.infn.it/groups/group4/mirror/linux/AppuntiLinux/AL-indgen.html]]// | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ===== Introduction ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Spending a few hours to learn UNIX will greatly benefit you in the long term and save your time. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Ce ne sono un sacco in giro per il Web, ma qui raccolgo SOLO il minimo indispensabile per lavorare, | + | |
- | niente di superfluo! | + | |
- | + | ||
- | only the bare minimum! | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Familiarity with Linux is necessary | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If you are not familiar with using Unix/GNU Linux this page is intended to provide a description of | + | |
- | basic linux commands and references to more information. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | When working in Linux, you will activate a **terminal** and inside the terminal **shell** will be running, i.e. a program interpreting your **commands**. Commands are typed inside this shell, and you press ENTER to issue them. For most commands, additional arguments can be issued by using minus signs (where \ signs are used in Windows), e.g. command -a - b -c or command -abc. To find out what options are available for a given command, and what those options do, type command --help, which works in most cases, or try to have a more detailed information with the man command. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | An exhaustive list of many other UNIX tutorials which can be found on the Web | + | |
- | has been collected [[vlsi:unix_basics#other_web_tutorials|here]]. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ===== Bash and tcsh shells ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | A little bit of [[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-linux-shells/|history]]... | + | |
- | + | ||
- | === Find what kind of shell is running === | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | echo $SHELL | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | You may see: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell|Bourne shell]] → /bin/sh | + | |
- | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell|Korn shell]] → /bin/ksh93 | + | |
- | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_shell|Bash shell]] → /bin/bash | + | |
- | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_shell|Z shell]] → /bin/zsh | + | |
- | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell|C shell]] → /bin/csh | + | |
- | * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC_shell|TC shell]] → /bin/tcsh | + | |
- | + | ||
- | === An A-Z Index of the Bash command line for Linux === | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | [Commands list via [[http://www.ss64.com/bash/|ss64.com]]]\\ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Commands marked • are bash built-ins. \\ | + | |
- | Many commands particularly the Core Utils are also available under alternate shells (C shell, Korn shell etc). \\ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#a|a]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#b|b]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#c|c]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#d|d]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#e|e]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#f|f]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#g|g]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#h|h]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#i|i]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#j|j]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#k|k]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#l|l]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#m|m]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#n|n]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#o|o]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#p|p]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#q|q]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#r|r]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#s|s]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#t|t]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#u|u]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#v|v]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#w|w]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#x|x]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#y|y]]__ ] | + | |
- | [ __[[vlsi:workbook:computing:unix#z|z]]__ ] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | == a == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | alias Create an alias • | + | |
- | apropos Search Help manual pages (man -k) | + | |
- | apt-get Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu) | + | |
- | aptitude Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu) | + | |
- | aspell Spell Checker | + | |
- | awk Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == b == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | basename Strip directory and suffix from filenames | + | |
- | bash GNU Bourne-Again SHell | + | |
- | bc Arbitrary precision calculator language | + | |
- | bg Send to background | + | |
- | break Exit from a loop • | + | |
- | builtin Run a shell builtin | + | |
- | bzip2 Compress or decompress named file(s) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == c == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | cal Display a calendar | + | |
- | case Conditionally perform a command | + | |
- | cat Concatenate and print (display) the content of files | + | |
- | cd Change Directory | + | |
- | cfdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux | + | |
- | chgrp Change group ownership | + | |
- | chmod Change access permissions | + | |
- | chown Change file owner and group | + | |
- | chroot Run a command with a different root directory | + | |
- | chkconfig System services (runlevel) | + | |
- | cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts | + | |
- | clear Clear terminal screen | + | |
- | cmp Compare two files | + | |
- | comm Compare two sorted files line by line | + | |
- | command Run a command - ignoring shell functions • | + | |
- | continue Resume the next iteration of a loop • | + | |
- | cp Copy one or more files to another location | + | |
- | cron Daemon to execute scheduled commands | + | |
- | crontab Schedule a command to run at a later time | + | |
- | csplit Split a file into context-determined pieces | + | |
- | cut Divide a file into several parts | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == d == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | date Display or change the date & time | + | |
- | dc Desk Calculator | + | |
- | dd Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records | + | |
- | ddrescue Data recovery tool | + | |
- | declare Declare variables and give them attributes • | + | |
- | df Display free disk space | + | |
- | diff Display the differences between two files | + | |
- | diff3 Show differences among three files | + | |
- | dig DNS lookup | + | |
- | dir Briefly list directory contents | + | |
- | dircolors Colour setup for `ls' | + | |
- | dirname Convert a full pathname to just a path | + | |
- | dirs Display list of remembered directories | + | |
- | dmesg Print kernel & driver messages | + | |
- | du Estimate file space usage | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == e == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | echo Display message on screen • | + | |
- | egrep Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression | + | |
- | eject Eject removable media | + | |
- | enable Enable and disable builtin shell commands • | + | |
- | env Environment variables | + | |
- | ethtool Ethernet card settings | + | |
- | eval Evaluate several commands/arguments | + | |
- | exec Execute a command | + | |
- | exit Exit the shell | + | |
- | expect Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal | + | |
- | expand Convert tabs to spaces | + | |
- | export Set an environment variable | + | |
- | expr Evaluate expressions | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == f == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | false Do nothing, unsuccessfully | + | |
- | fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk | + | |
- | fdisk Partition table manipulator for Linux | + | |
- | fg Send job to foreground | + | |
- | fgrep Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string | + | |
- | file Determine file type | + | |
- | find Search for files that meet a desired criteria | + | |
- | fmt Reformat paragraph text | + | |
- | fold Wrap text to fit a specified width. | + | |
- | for Expand words, and execute commands | + | |
- | format Format disks or tapes | + | |
- | free Display memory usage | + | |
- | fsck File system consistency check and repair | + | |
- | ftp File Transfer Protocol | + | |
- | function Define Function Macros | + | |
- | fuser Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == g == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | gawk Find and Replace text within file(s) | + | |
- | getopts Parse positional parameters | + | |
- | grep Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern | + | |
- | groupadd Add a user security group | + | |
- | groupdel Delete a group | + | |
- | groupmod Modify a group | + | |
- | groups Print group names a user is in | + | |
- | gzip Compress or decompress named file(s) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == h == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | hash Remember the full pathname of a name argument | + | |
- | head Output the first part of file(s) | + | |
- | help Display help for a built-in command • | + | |
- | history Command History | + | |
- | hostname Print or set system name | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == i == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | iconv Convert the character set of a file | + | |
- | id Print user and group id's | + | |
- | if Conditionally perform a command | + | |
- | ifconfig Configure a network interface | + | |
- | ifdown Stop a network interface | + | |
- | ifup Start a network interface up | + | |
- | import Capture an X server screen and save the image to file | + | |
- | install Copy files and set attributes | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == j == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | jobs List active jobs • | + | |
- | join Join lines on a common field | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == k == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | kill Stop a process from running | + | |
- | killall Kill processes by name | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == l == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | less Display output one screen at a time | + | |
- | let Perform arithmetic on shell variables • | + | |
- | link Create a link to a file | + | |
- | ln Create a symbolic link to a file | + | |
- | local Create variables • | + | |
- | locate Find files | + | |
- | logname Print current login name | + | |
- | logout Exit a login shell • | + | |
- | look Display lines beginning with a given string | + | |
- | lpc Line printer control program | + | |
- | lpr Off line print | + | |
- | lprint Print a file | + | |
- | lprintd Abort a print job | + | |
- | lprintq List the print queue | + | |
- | lprm Remove jobs from the print queue | + | |
- | ls List information about file(s) | + | |
- | lsof List open files | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == m == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | make Recompile a group of programs | + | |
- | man Help manual | + | |
- | mkdir Create new folder(s) | + | |
- | mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes) | + | |
- | mkisofs Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem | + | |
- | mknod Make block or character special files | + | |
- | more Display output one screen at a time | + | |
- | mount Mount a file system | + | |
- | mtools Manipulate MS-DOS files | + | |
- | mtr Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping) | + | |
- | mv Move or rename files or directories | + | |
- | mmv Mass Move and rename (files) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == n == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | netstat Networking information | + | |
- | nice Set the priority of a command or job | + | |
- | nl Number lines and write files | + | |
- | nohup Run a command immune to hangups | + | |
- | notify-send Send desktop notifications | + | |
- | nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == o == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | open Open a file in its default application | + | |
- | op Operator access | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == p == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | passwd Modify a user password | + | |
- | paste Merge lines of files | + | |
- | pathchk Check file name portability | + | |
- | ping Test a network connection | + | |
- | pkill Stop processes from running | + | |
- | popd Restore the previous value of the current directory | + | |
- | pr Prepare files for printing | + | |
- | printcap Printer capability database | + | |
- | printenv Print environment variables | + | |
- | printf Format and print data • | + | |
- | ps Process status | + | |
- | pushd Save and then change the current directory | + | |
- | pwd Print Working Directory | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == q == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | quota Display disk usage and limits | + | |
- | quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage | + | |
- | quotactl Set disk quotas | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == r == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ram ram disk device | + | |
- | rcp Copy files between two machines | + | |
- | read Read a line from standard input • | + | |
- | readarray Read from stdin into an array variable • | + | |
- | readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly | + | |
- | reboot Reboot the system | + | |
- | rename Rename files | + | |
- | renice Alter priority of running processes | + | |
- | remsync Synchronize remote files via email | + | |
- | return Exit a shell function | + | |
- | rev Reverse lines of a file | + | |
- | rm Remove files | + | |
- | rmdir Remove folder(s) | + | |
- | rsync Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == s == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | screen Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh | + | |
- | scp Secure copy (remote file copy) | + | |
- | sdiff Merge two files interactively | + | |
- | sed Stream Editor | + | |
- | select Accept keyboard input | + | |
- | seq Print numeric sequences | + | |
- | set Manipulate shell variables and functions | + | |
- | sftp Secure File Transfer Program | + | |
- | shift Shift positional parameters | + | |
- | shopt Shell Options | + | |
- | shutdown Shutdown or restart linux | + | |
- | sleep Delay for a specified time | + | |
- | slocate Find files | + | |
- | sort Sort text files | + | |
- | source Run commands from a file '.' | + | |
- | split Split a file into fixed-size pieces | + | |
- | ssh Secure Shell client (remote login program) | + | |
- | strace Trace system calls and signals | + | |
- | su Substitute user identity | + | |
- | sudo Execute a command as another user | + | |
- | sum Print a checksum for a file | + | |
- | suspend Suspend execution of this shell • | + | |
- | sync Synchronize data on disk with memory | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == t == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | tail Output the last part of file | + | |
- | tar Tape ARchiver | + | |
- | tee Redirect output to multiple files | + | |
- | test Evaluate a conditional expression | + | |
- | time Measure Program running time | + | |
- | timeout Run a command with a time limit | + | |
- | times User and system times | + | |
- | touch Change file timestamps | + | |
- | top List processes running on the system | + | |
- | traceroute Trace Route to Host | + | |
- | trap Run a command when a signal is set(bourne) | + | |
- | tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters | + | |
- | true Do nothing, successfully | + | |
- | tsort Topological sort | + | |
- | tty Print filename of terminal on stdin | + | |
- | type Describe a command • | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == u == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ulimit Limit user resources • | + | |
- | umask Users file creation mask | + | |
- | umount Unmount a device | + | |
- | unalias Remove an alias • | + | |
- | uname Print system information | + | |
- | unexpand Convert spaces to tabs | + | |
- | uniq Uniquify files | + | |
- | units Convert units from one scale to another | + | |
- | unset Remove variable or function names | + | |
- | unshar Unpack shell archive scripts | + | |
- | until Execute commands (until error) | + | |
- | uptime Show uptime | + | |
- | useradd Create new user account | + | |
- | userdel Delete a user account | + | |
- | usermod Modify user account | + | |
- | users List users currently logged in | + | |
- | uuencode Encode a binary file | + | |
- | uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == v == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | v Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b') | + | |
- | vdir Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b') | + | |
- | vi Text Editor | + | |
- | vmstat Report virtual memory statistics | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == w == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | wait Wait for a process to complete • | + | |
- | watch Execute/display a program periodically | + | |
- | wc Print byte, word, and line counts | + | |
- | whereis Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program | + | |
- | which Search the user's $path for a program file | + | |
- | while Execute commands | + | |
- | who Print all usernames currently logged in | + | |
- | whoami Print the current user id and name (`id -un') | + | |
- | wget Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP | + | |
- | write Send a message to another user | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == x == | + | |
- | + | ||
- | xargs Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s) | + | |
- | xdg-open Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application. | + | |
- | yes Print a string until interrupted | + | |
- | . Run a command script in the current shell | + | |
- | !! Run the last command again | + | |
- | ### Comment / Remark | + | |
- | + | ||
- | == z == | + | |
- | w Provides a quick summary of every user | + | |
- | who Get the information on currently logged in users | + | |
- | who -b Get the time of last system boot | + | |
- | who -l Get information on system login processes | + | |
- | who -m Get the hostname and user associated with stdin | + | |
- | who -r Get the current run level | + | |
- | who -u Get the list of user logged in | + | |
- | who -q Get number of users logged-in and their user names | + | |
- | who -a Get all the information | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ===== Working with directories ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ^ **Command** ^ **Description** ^ | + | |
- | |''<sub>man <command> </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>pwd </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>cd <dirName> </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>cd /path/to/directory </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>cd </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>cd .. </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>cd . </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>cd - </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>mkdir <dirName> </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>ls </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>ls -l </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>ls -althr </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>ls <dirName> </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>ls /path/to/dirName </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>mv <oldName> <newName> </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>mv <fileName> /path/to/newName </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>cp bla bla bla </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>rm <fileName> </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>acroread fileName.pdf </sub>''| | | + | |
- | |''<sub>evince fileName.pdf </sub>''| | | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Set alias in ''~/.cshrc'' file | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | alias ll 'ls -ahl' | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | or in a ''~/.bashrc'' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | alias ll='ls ahl' | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ===== Viewing pdf files ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ====== Environment variables ====== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | export VarName=value # sh and sh-like shells (e.g. bash) | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | setenv varName value # csh and csh-like shells (e.g. tcsh) | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | set varName=value | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | NOTA! variabili settate con set sono viste solo dalla shell, con setenv/export anche dai programmi! | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ====== Change your password ====== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | yppasswd [user] | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ====== Viewing/Killing processes ====== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ====== File permissions ====== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | See [[http://www.ss64.com/bash/chmod.html]] \\ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | For bash permissions: [[http://www.ss64.com/bash/syntax-permissions.html]] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ====== Find files ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | which <command> | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | e.g. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | which cdsterm | + | |
- | /usr/local/bin/cdsterm | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | find /path/to/start/directory -name fileName | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | find | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ''grep'' looks for text within files; in the following example: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | grep "chewbecca" *.txt | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | the word "chewbecca" is searched in all the files with a .txt extension. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ''whereis'' is used for finding the location of executables (binaries), source code, and manuals for a specific program: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | whereis firefox | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ''locate'' is very similar to ''find'' with the difference that it doesn't manually search the file system, but rather a database list of files that is maintained by the system: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | locate -i file_name | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | (the ''-i'' option is used for case-insensitive searches). | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ====== Find differences between two files/two directories ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | diff [options] file_1 file_2 | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | //diff// also allows to compare the contents of two directories by using the usual ''-r'' option (//**r**ecursive//): | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | diff -r dir_1 dir_2 | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | See also: \\ | + | |
- | [[http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_diff.htm]] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ====== Text editors ====== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | nano, vi, gedit, nedit | + | |
- | + | ||
- | emacs, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | emacs -nw <fileName> | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ===== Working with compressed files ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Create a zipped file: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | zip fileName.zip fileName | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Extract a zipped file: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | unzip fileName.zip | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Create a gzipped file: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | gzip fileName | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Extract a gzipped file: | + | |
- | <code> | + | |
- | gunzip fileName.gz [gzip -d fileName.gz] | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Create a .tar.gz archive: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | tar -czvf fileName.tar.gz /path/to/directory | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Extract a .tar.gz archive: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | tar -xzvf fileName.tar.gz | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Create a .tar.bz2 archive: | + | |
- | <code> | + | |
- | tar -cjvf fileName.tar.bz2 /path/to/directory | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Extract a .tar.bz2 archive: | + | |
- | <code> | + | |
- | tar -xjvf fileName.tar.bz2 | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | Extract a .rar file: | + | |
- | <code> | + | |
- | unrar fileName.rar | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | See also | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[http://www.littleigloo.org/linux/how-to/uncompress-linux-files.html]] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ===== File Browser ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | usare ''nautilus'' | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | nautilus --browser | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ===== Viewing images from the command line ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | If you need to view any image but you can only use the terminal, | + | |
- | use the //Eye of GNOME// image viewer, which is the official image viewer | + | |
- | for the GNOME Desktop environment and available on all Scientific Linux dictributions. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Use the ''eog'' command, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | which eog | + | |
- | /usr/bin/eog | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | To open an image, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | cd /path/to/image | + | |
- | eog fileName.png | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | See also \\ | + | |
- | [[http://projects.gnome.org/eog/]] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ====== Basic CVS commands ====== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Official documentation: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | //[[http://ximbiot.com/cvs/manual]]// | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Basic syntax of a cvs command: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | cvs [cvs options] command [command options] <filename> | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | setenv CVSROOT /path/to/project/cvs/top/directory | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | e.g. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | setenv CVSROOT /export/elt156xl/disk0/.cvsroot/kits/tsmc | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | check-out a project or part of a project: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | cvs checkout project | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | or | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | cvs co project/subdir | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
\\ | \\ | ||
- | In order to use disk space efficiently, it is recommend that you check out **only the directories you need** | + | \\ |
- | at the time. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | __**Adding and removing files to CVS repository**__ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | cvs add <filename> | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | cvs remove <filename> | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ''add'' and ''remove'' commands just **schedule** the operation! The file will be actually added/removed | + | |
- | to the repository with a ''commit'' statement, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | cvs commit -m "Text message" | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | cvs commit -m "Text message" <filename> | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code> | + | |
- | cvs log <filename> | + | |
- | </code> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ===== Other Web tutorials ===== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | * //[[https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/CMSPublic/WorkBookBasicLinux]]// (<nowiki>CMS</nowiki> collaboration UNIX tutorial) | + | |
- | * //[[http://www.slac.stanford.edu/BFROOT/www/doc/workbook/unix/unix.html]]// (BaBar collaboration UNIX tutorial) | + | |
- | * //[[http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/]]// | + | |
- | * //[[http://www2.ocean.washington.edu/unix.tutorial.html]]// | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
Linea 756: | Linea 25: | ||
---- | ---- | ||
- | Last update: [[ panati@NOSPAMto.infn.it | Serena Panati ]] - Nov 10, 2013 | + | Last update: [[pacher@NOSPAMto.infn.it|Luca Pacher]] - Nov 29, 2013 |
- | + | ~~NOTOC~~ | |
- | ~~NOTOC~~ | + |